The leading causes are diabetes and high blood pressure. Other contributors include inherited disorders (e.g., polycystic kidney disease), autoimmune conditions (like lupus), severe infections, drug-related toxicity, and obstructive uropathy (e.g., kidney stones).

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to assess kidney function (such as creatinine and eGFR), urine tests to detect abnormalities, and imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scans to examine kidney structure.

While early-stage kidney damage can sometimes be halted or improved, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is generally not fully reversible once structural changes occur. Management focuses on slowing progression and preserving remaining function through:

• Optimal control of underlying conditions such as diabetes and hypertension
• Adherence to kidney-friendly diets (moderate protein, low sodium) and fluid guidelines
• Use of medications
• Lifestyle modifications (regular exercise, smoking cessation, weight management)

In stages 1–2 CKD, aggressive risk factor management may stabilize or modestly improve kidney function. However, in more advanced stages (3–5), the goal is to delay progression, manage complications, and prepare for renal replacement therapies (dialysis) when necessary. Early detection and consistent follow-up with a nephrologist offer the best chance to preserve kidney health over the long term.

Dialysis is indicated when kidney function declines to stage 5 (eGFR <15), not adequately remove waste and excess fluids from the body.or when life-threatening complications arise, such as fluid overload unresponsive to diuretics, severe hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis, or uremic symptoms (nausea, pericarditis, encephalopathy). Your nephrologist will evaluate your condition and advise if and when dialysis is necessary.

Frequency depends on your risk factors and overall health but generally ranges from every 6 to 12 months. Your nephrologist will recommend a personalized testing schedule.